Resilience and psychological factors among dentistry students who received face-to-face lectures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This research evaluated whether the relationships between factors of resilience, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in dental students with changes in teaching and learning methods. We also studied the psychological impact of face-to-face lectures during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study used Google Forms to collect data with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), Connor-Davidson Risk Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI and BDI-II). An open-ended question was also asked about important learning difficulties. RESULTS: The analysis revealed very high levels of resilience (30.23 ± 5.84), self-esteem in the normal range (29.08 ± 4.03), minimal depression levels (12.32 ± 8.05), and low anxiety levels (17.20 ± 12.41). There were no significant differences between sociodemographic variables ranges in regard to all psychological questionnaires. No high levels of depression and anxiety were found. CONCLUSIONS: The levels were low compared to other studies in which online teaching was used, which is explained by the fact that the students retained adequate resilience and self-esteem thanks to being able to contact teachers and, above all, their own peers.

Advances in the Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Progression of Oral Cancer through Saliva: An Update.

The early detection of cancer, and in particular oral cancer, has been a priority objective of study in recent years. Saliva has been proposed as an easy-to-obtain means of providing the necessary information to diagnose malignant lesions in the oral cavity, since it can be obtained very easily and completely noninvasively. There are a number of molecules, known as biomarkers, which may be involved in the malignant transformation of oral lesions, and which have different natures. The involvement of proteins ("proteomics"), metabolites ("metabolomics"), and even certain genes in the structural changes of altered tissue has been investigated in order to establish validated parameters for the early diagnosis of oral cancer. In addition, the development of new analytical assay methods that can reduce costs and obtain better results in terms of sensitivity and specificity has been a key point in recent research in this field. Even though there are numerous biomarkers with results showing high sensitivity and specificity, there is still a need for more studies, with a larger sample and with analytical methods that can constitute a real advance in time and cost. Although salivary biomarkers are a promising new diagnostic tool for oral cancer, for the moment they do not replace biopsy as the "gold standard".

Association between Oral Cancer and Diet: An Update.

Oral cancer, included within head and neck cancer, is the sixth most common malignant neoplasm in the world. The main etiological factors are tobacco and alcohol, although currently, diet is considered an important determinant for its development. Several dietary nutrients have specific mechanisms of action, contributing to both protection against cancer and increasing the risk for development, growth, and spread. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, curcumin, and green tea can reduce the risk of oral cancer, while the so-called pro-inflammatory diet, rich in red meat and fried foods, can enhance the risk of occurrence. Dietary factors with a protective effect show different mechanisms that complement and overlap with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-proliferative effects. The main limitation of in vivo studies is the complexity of isolating the effects related to each one of the nutrients and the relationship with other possible etiological mechanisms. On the contrary, in vitro studies allow determining the specific mechanisms of action of some of the dietary compounds. In conclusion, and despite research limitations, the beneficial effects of a diet rich in vegetables and fruits are attributed to different micronutrients that are also found in fish and animal products. These compounds show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-proliferative properties that have a preventive role in the development of oral and other types of cancer.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma of tongue: Histological risk assessment. A pilot study

Background: More than 90% of malignant tumors diagnosed in the oral cavity are Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) whose preferred location is the tongue. Classically, this disease has affected men preferentially, although recent studies suggest that trends are changing and the proportion of women with OSCC is increasing. In addition, the prevalence of oral cancer is also determined by some risk factors as alcohol consumption and to-bacco. Currently, the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) classification is employed to defined tumor stage and based on this guide specific treatments are established. However, 5-year-survival does not exceed 50% of cases. The objective of this study is to determine whether a histological risk pattern indicative of higher recurrence might be present in T1-T2 tumors located in the anterior two thirds of the tongue. Material and Methods: Samples from 26 patients with OSCC were analyzed and histological risk pattern of recur-rent and non-recurrent tumors were compared. We have analyzed histological variables described in Anneroth and Brandwein-Gensler classifications. Additionally, we have also examined both clinical variables such as age, sex or comorbidities, as well as habits such as tobacco or alcohol consumption. Results: We found that sex (male) and keratinization degree (high or moderate) are directly related with OSCC recurrence. In fact, free illness time is lower in men and higher in those cases with minimal or no keratinization. Conclusions: Based on the variables analyzed, it has not been possible to establish a histological risk pattern that, complementary to the TNM classification, could have a predictive role in these early-stage tongue carcinomas

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Dolor orofacial en la clínica odontológica / Orofacial pain in the dental clinic

La mayor parte de las consultas odontológicas están relacionadas con dolores intraorales que afectan a estructuras dentarias, periodontales y mucosas. Aunque generalmente la causa originaria del dolor y la estructura afectada coinciden en la localización, en ocasiones el dolor orofacial y, particularmente, el dolor oral, es referido. Esto es, el dolor puede deberse a procesos de origen extraoral localizados fuera del territorio maxilofacial. De igual manera, determinados trastornos orales, como un desequilibrio oclusivo, pueden afectar también estructuras extraorales, ocasionando tensión y dolor en cuello, cabeza y espalda. La investigación en dolor orofacial es, sin embargo, una disciplina emergente en comparación con otras áreas anatómicas, quizás debido, en parte, a que el dolor tiende a remitir con el tiempo o con la sanación del tejido afectado (si hubiera una lesión). Sin embargo, la mitad de los pacientes con algún tipo de dolor orofacial lo sufre de manera crónica y, a diferencia del dolor agudo, remitente, el dolor crónico no es ya un síntoma, sino una patología de difícil manejo, con escasa o ninguna relación con los mecanismos que lo originaron. Además, la falta de una adecuada anamnesis y exploración clínica, nomenclaturas inapropiadas o la dificultad de diagnóstico, hacen complicado en ocasiones un óptimo abordaje terapéutico. La mayoría de las clasificaciones de dolor oral siguen atendiendo a la estructura anatómica afectada más que al propio mecanismo nociceptivo. Por otra parte, la etiología exacta de muchas algias denominadas atípicas o del síndrome de boca ardiente sigue siendo desconocida. Esta revisión pretende describir los principales motivos de consulta por dolor en la clínica dental, poniendo particular énfasis en el tipo de dolor desde el punto de vista de su mecanismo: nociceptivo, inflamatorio, neuropático, psicogénico o mixto

Most dental consultations are related to intraoral pain disorders affecting dental, periodontal and mucosal structures. Although the originating cause of pain and the anatomical structure frequently co-localise, orofacial pain and particularly oral pain are sometimes referred. That is, pain may be caused by extraoral processes out of the maxillofacial territory. Likely, some intraoral conditions such as an occlusal imbalance may also affect extraoral structures, leading to tension and pain on the neck, head, and back. Orofacial pain research is however an emerging discipline in comparison to other anatomical regions. This may be due, in part, to the fact that oral pain tends to recede over time or after tissue healing -in case there was an injury-. Notwithstanding, half of the patients reporting any sort of orofacial pain suffers chronically. And unlike acute receding pain, chronic pain is no longer a symptom, but a diffi cult-to-manage pathology, with scarce or none relation to the mechanisms that caused it. Moreover, the lack of appropriate anamnesis and clinical examinations, inaccurate pain syndrome nomenclatures or difficulty in diagnosis hamper sometimes an optimal therapeutic approach. Most oral pain classifications are still based on the affected anatomical structure rather than on the nociceptive mechanism itself. On the other hand, the precise aetiology of most of the so-called atypical algiae or the burning mouth syndrome is still unknown. The present review article aims to describe the main reasons for pain consultation at the dental clinic, with particular emphasis on the type of pain from a mechanistically point of view: nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic, psychogenic or mixed

Adenoma pleomorfo palatino. Caso clínico, revisión de la literatura y puesta al día / Pleomorphic Adenoma in the Palatine. Cinical case, literature review and update

El adenoma pleomorfo es el tumor benigno más frecuente de las glándulas salivales, desarrollándose más frecuentemente en la parótida. Las manifestaciones clínicas varían dependiendo de las glándulas salivales involucradas, así como también del grado de afectación, tamaño, tiempo de evolución y de su crecimiento evolutivo. Tiene mayor prevalencia en mujeres entre la tercera y la sexta década de la vida, siendo infrecuente en niños. Presenta un crecimiento lento y continuo e histológicamente es muy variable, estando constituido por elementos epiteliales y células mioepiteliales, recubierto o no por una pseudocápsula que puede ser atravesada por prolongaciones del tumor. El diagnóstico precoz mediante pruebas de imagen y estudio histológico, es muy importante debido a sus posibles complicaciones, ya que a pesar de ser un tumor benigno, puede presentar transformación maligna en ocasiones. El tratamiento consiste en la exéresis quirúrgica del tumor. Se presenta un caso de un varón de 25 años, que consulta por la presencia de una tumoración asintomática en paladar de 4 años de evolución. Tras la exéresis completa de la lesión, el estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico de adenoma pleomorfo. Se exponen la evolución, tratamiento, las complicaciones inmediatas y la evolución a 24 meses del caso. Se revisan los conceptos actuales clínico-patológicos y de enfoque terapéutico sobre el adenoma pleomorfo, con especial énfasis en su localización intraoral (..) (AU)

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequent benign tumour of the salivary glands, most frequently developing in the parotid. The clinical manifestations vary depending on the salivary glands involved, as well as the degree of presentation, size, evolution time and its evolutionary growth. It is more prevalent in women in the third and sixth decade of life, and is infrequent in children. It has a slow and continuous growth and histologically it is very variable, consisting of epithelial elements and my oepithelialcells, coated or not by a pseudocapsule that can be pierced by extensions of the tumour. Its early diagnosis through imaging tests and histological study is very important due to its possible complications, since despite being a benign tumour, it can become malignant on occasion. The treatment consists of the surgical excision of the tumour. There is a discussion of a case of a 25 years old male, who came for a consultation due to the presence of an asymptomatic tumour in the palate which had been developing for 4 years. After the complete removal of the lesion, the (..) (AU)